Median survival by breed
Median survival time (Kaplan-Meier), 155 breeds, UK primary-care dogs (McMillan et al. 2024, VetCompass, n=584,734). Hazard ratio vs. crossbred shown where the study gives it -- >1 means shorter-lived than a crossbred dog of the same age/clinic. Source: McMillan KM, Bielby J, Williams CL, Upjohn MM, Casey RA, Christley RM (2024). Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death. Scientific Reports 14:531. Supplementary Table S3..
Data table (155 breeds)
| Breed | Median survival (yrs) | 95% CI | HR vs. crossbred | Size class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lancashire Heeler | 15.4 | 14.7-15.9 | 0.49 | Small |
| Tibetan Spaniel | 15.2 | 14.8-15.7 | 0.45 | Small |
| Bolognese | 14.9 | 14.0-None | 0.49 | Small |
| Shiba Inu | 14.6 | 14.0-15.1 | 0.45 | Small |
| Havanese | 14.5 | 14.1-None | 0.72 | Small |
| Papillon | 14.5 | 14.1-14.9 | 0.57 | Small |
| Border Terrier | 14.2 | 14.1-14.3 | 0.53 | Small |
| Coton de Tulear | 14.2 | 13.1-None | 0.63 | Small |
| Lakeland Terrier | 14.2 | 13.9-14.5 | 0.66 | Small |
| Schipperke | 14.2 | 12.7-15.8 | 0.6 | Small |
| Large Munsterlander | 14.1 | 13.5-None | 0.47 | |
| Australian Cattle Dog | 14.0 | 13.2-15.1 | 0.59 | Medium |
| Cairn Terrier | 14.0 | 13.8-14.3 | 0.6 | Small |
| German Spitz Mittel | 14.0 | 13.3-14.6 | 0.59 | Medium |
| Italian Greyhound | 14.0 | 13.2-15.1 | 0.71 | Small |
| Lhasa Apso | 14.0 | 13.9-14.2 | 0.62 | Small |
| Miniature Dachshund | 14.0 | 13.7-14.2 | 0.65 | Small |
| Norwich Terrier | 14.0 | 13.5-15.1 | 0.56 | Small |
| Poodle | 14.0 | 13.8-14.1 | 0.64 | |
| Swedish Valhund | 14.0 | 12.5-None | 0.65 | |
| Welsh Springer Spaniel | 14.0 | 13.3-14.3 | 0.6 | Medium |
| Bearded Collie | 13.9 | 13.7-14.0 | 0.64 | Medium |
| Lowchen | 13.9 | 13.3-15.7 | 0.59 | |
| Belgian Tervuren | 13.8 | 12.7-14.8 | 0.7 | |
| Bracco Italiano | 13.8 | 11.8-None | 0.95 | Large |
| Finnish Lapphund | 13.8 | 13.5-None | 0.77 | Medium |
| Parson Russell Terrier | 13.8 | 13.5-14.0 | 0.68 | Small |
| Tibetan Terrier | 13.8 | 13.5-14.2 | 0.58 | Small |
| Welsh Terrier | 13.8 | 13.5-14.6 | 0.54 | Small |
| Australian Shepherd | 13.7 | 12.8-14.6 | 0.69 | Medium |
| Bedlington Terrier | 13.7 | 13.4-14.0 | 0.67 | Small |
| Miniature Pinscher | 13.7 | 13.1-14.2 | 0.75 | Small |
| Petite Basset Griffon Vendeen | 13.7 | 13.2-14.0 | 0.68 | |
| Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier | 13.7 | 13.2-14.4 | 0.61 | Medium |
| Spanish Water Dog | 13.7 | 13.3-None | 0.51 | Medium |
| English Springer Spaniel | 13.5 | 13.4-13.6 | 0.7 | Medium |
| Irish Terrier | 13.5 | 13.1-14.0 | 0.65 | Small |
| Norfolk Terrier | 13.5 | 13.1-13.8 | 0.71 | Small |
| Sussex Spaniel | 13.5 | 12.6-15.1 | 0.79 | Medium |
| Vizsla | 13.5 | 13.2-13.9 | 0.67 | Medium |
| Wire Fox Terrier | 13.5 | 13.3-13.7 | 0.73 | Small |
| Chinese Crested | 13.4 | 13.0-13.8 | 0.77 | |
| German Shorthaired Pointer | 13.4 | 13.3-13.6 | 0.67 | Medium |
| Shetland Sheepdog | 13.4 | 13.1-13.6 | 0.69 | Small |
| West Highland White Terrier | 13.4 | 13.3-13.5 | 0.73 | Small |
| Whippet | 13.4 | 13.2-13.7 | 0.7 | Small |
| American Cocker Spaniel | 13.3 | 13.0-13.7 | 0.75 | Small |
| Brussels Griffon | 13.3 | 12.7-13.9 | 0.82 | |
| Collie | 13.3 | 13.3-13.6 | 0.72 | Medium |
| English Cocker Spaniel | 13.3 | 13.2-13.3 | 0.75 | Small |
| Jack Russell Terrier | 13.3 | 13.2-13.3 | 0.79 | Small |
| Miniature Schnauzer | 13.3 | 13.2-13.5 | 0.7 | Small |
| Pekingese | 13.3 | 13.0-13.8 | 0.71 | Small |
| Puli | 13.3 | 12.8-14.4 | 0.73 | Medium |
| Saluki | 13.3 | 12.3-14.0 | 0.87 | Medium |
| Silky Terrier | 13.3 | 11.7-14.2 | 0.83 | |
| Tibetan Mastiff | 13.3 | 10.9-None | 0.95 | Large |
| Yorkshire Terrier | 13.3 | 13.3-13.4 | 0.79 | Small |
| Dachshund | 13.2 | 13.0-13.5 | 0.77 | Medium |
| Dalmatian | 13.2 | 13.0-13.3 | 0.77 | Medium |
| Golden Retriever | 13.2 | 13.1-13.2 | 0.76 | Large |
| Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever | 13.2 | 12.2-None | 0.65 | Medium |
| Pembroke Welsh Corgi | 13.2 | 12.7-13.6 | 0.72 | Small |
| Polish Lowland Sheepdog | 13.2 | 12.3-14.8 | 0.8 | Medium |
| Border Collie | 13.1 | 13.0-13.2 | 0.85 | Medium |
| Cardigan Welsh Corgi | 13.1 | 12.5-14.4 | 0.69 | Small |
| English Setter | 13.1 | 12.7-13.6 | 0.7 | Large |
| Field Spaniel | 13.1 | 12.5-13.4 | 0.83 | Medium |
| Labrador Retriever | 13.1 | 13.0-13.1 | 0.8 | Large |
| Maltese | 13.1 | 12.6-13.5 | 0.93 | Small |
| Samoyed | 13.1 | 12.7-13.5 | 0.75 | Medium |
| Sealyham Terrier | 13.1 | 12.3-16.0 | 0.58 | Small |
| Foxhound | 13.0 | 11.4-16.9 | 0.67 | |
| German Wirehaired Pointer | 13.0 | 12.5-13.6 | 0.75 | Large |
| Japanese Spitz | 13.0 | 12.3-13.7 | 0.86 | Small |
| Portuguese Water Dog | 13.0 | 11.5-14.9 | 0.85 | Medium |
| Standard Schnauzer | 13.0 | 12.7-13.2 | 0.82 | Medium |
| Toy Manchester Terrier | 13.0 | 12.0-13.6 | 0.86 | Small |
| Irish Setter | 12.9 | 12.6-13.1 | 0.74 | Large |
| Norwegian Elkhound | 12.9 | 12.4-14.1 | 0.78 | Medium |
| Toy Fox Terrier | 12.9 | 12.3-13.8 | 0.83 | Small |
| Dandie Dinmont Terrier | 12.8 | 12.2-14.6 | 0.86 | Small |
| Shih Tzu | 12.8 | 12.6-12.9 | 0.94 | Small |
| Weimaraner | 12.8 | 12.6-13.0 | 0.8 | Large |
| Scottish Terrier | 12.7 | 12.5-12.9 | 0.84 | Small |
| Briard | 12.6 | 11.3-13.4 | 0.82 | Large |
| American Staffordshire Terrier | 12.5 | 11.4-13.1 | 1.09 | Medium |
| Basset Hound | 12.5 | 12.2-12.7 | 0.9 | Medium |
| Beagle | 12.5 | 12.3-12.7 | 0.95 | Small |
| Bichon Frise | 12.5 | 12.3-12.7 | 0.92 | |
| Japanese Chin | 12.5 | 12.2-13.3 | 0.88 | Small |
| Gordon Setter | 12.4 | 12.1-12.8 | 0.85 | Large |
| Kerry Blue Terrier | 12.4 | 11.9-13.0 | 0.93 | Medium |
| Skye Terrier | 12.4 | 11.6-13.9 | 0.93 | Small |
| Clumber Spaniel | 12.3 | 11.7-13.9 | 0.99 | Large |
| Keeshond | 12.3 | 11.6-13.8 | 0.84 | Medium |
| Curly Coated Retriever | 12.2 | 11.2-12.8 | 0.96 | Large |
| Miniature Bull Terrier | 12.2 | 11.0-13.8 | 1.02 | Small |
| Pomeranian | 12.2 | 12.0-12.5 | 1.03 | |
| Basenji | 12.1 | 11.3-15.8 | 0.88 | Small |
| Chow Chow | 12.1 | 11.7-12.5 | 1.05 | Large |
| Giant Schnauzer | 12.1 | 11.5-12.8 | 0.92 | Large |
| Glen Of Imaal Terrier | 12.1 | 11.6-13.5 | 1.06 | Small |
| Old English Sheepdog | 12.1 | 11.9-12.5 | 0.98 | Large |
| Airedale Terrier | 12.0 | 11.8-12.3 | 1.04 | Medium |
| Belgian Malenois | 12.0 | 11.5-12.6 | 1.06 | |
| Borzoi | 12.0 | 10.8-None | 0.88 | Large |
| Bull Terrier | 12.0 | 11.9-12.2 | 1.04 | Medium |
| Canaan Dog | 12.0 | 9.5-14.7 | 1.07 | Medium |
| Kelpie | 12.0 | 11.6-13.5 | 0.97 | |
| Rhodesian Ridgeback | 12.0 | 11.9-12.2 | 1.0 | Large |
| Staffordshire Bull Terrier | 12.0 | 12.0-12.1 | 1.13 | Small |
| Siberian Husky | 11.9 | 11.7-12.0 | 1.15 | Medium |
| Spinone Italiano | 11.9 | 11.6-12.4 | 1.0 | Large |
| Boston Terrier | 11.8 | 11.0-12.2 | 1.3 | Small |
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 11.8 | 11.7-11.9 | 1.07 | Small |
| Chihuahua | 11.8 | 11.5-11.9 | 1.17 | Small |
| Flat Coated Retriever | 11.7 | 11.5-11.9 | 1.08 | Large |
| Chesapeake Bay Retriever | 11.6 | 10.5-None | 1.16 | Large |
| Pug | 11.6 | 11.4-11.8 | 1.34 | Small |
| Greyhound | 11.5 | 11.4-11.6 | 1.19 | Large |
| Akita | 11.4 | 11.1-11.6 | 1.29 | Large |
| Alaskan Malamute | 11.3 | 11.1-11.8 | 1.35 | Large |
| American Eskimo Dog | 11.3 | 10.0-12.0 | 1.42 | Medium |
| Bouvier des Flandres | 11.3 | 10.4-11.9 | 1.07 | Large |
| Boxer | 11.3 | 11.3-11.5 | 1.18 | Large |
| German Shepherd Dog | 11.3 | 11.3-11.4 | 1.24 | |
| Doberman Pinscher | 11.2 | 11.0-11.5 | 1.14 | |
| Afghan Hound | 11.1 | 10.5-11.8 | 1.35 | Large |
| Brittany | 11.1 | 10.9-11.3 | 1.49 | Medium |
| Dogue de Bordeaux | 11.1 | 10.6-11.7 | 1.4 | Large |
| Newfoundland | 11.0 | 10.9-11.6 | 1.2 | |
| Black Russian Terrier | 10.9 | 10.2-12.3 | 1.32 | Large |
| Great Pyrenees | 10.9 | 10.5-11.3 | 1.5 | |
| Irish Water Spaniel | 10.8 | 10.4-11.9 | 1.33 | Medium |
| Chinese Shar Pei | 10.6 | 10.3-10.9 | 1.46 | |
| Great Dane | 10.6 | 10.4-11.0 | 1.2 | Large |
| Rottweiler | 10.6 | 10.4-10.7 | 1.27 | Large |
| Scottish Deerhound | 10.5 | 9.7-11.3 | 1.43 | Large |
| Bullmastiff | 10.2 | 9.9-10.5 | 1.31 | Large |
| Anatolian Shepherd | 10.1 | 7.6-11.2 | 1.53 | Large |
| Bernese Mountain Dog | 10.1 | 9.8-10.4 | 1.42 | Large |
| Leonberger | 10.0 | 9.5-10.3 | 1.61 | Large |
| Pharaoh Hound | 10.0 | 6.9-13.3 | 1.87 | Medium |
| Irish Wolfhound | 9.9 | 9.2-11.0 | 1.53 | Large |
| Bulldog | 9.8 | 9.7-10.0 | 1.78 | Medium |
| French Bulldog | 9.8 | 9.4-10.1 | 2.22 | Small |
| Affenpinscher | 9.3 | 7.4-10.8 | 1.7 | Small |
| Bloodhound | 9.3 | 8.6-11.0 | 1.68 | Large |
| Neapolitan Mastiff | 9.3 | 8.8-10.2 | 1.77 | Large |
| St Bernard | 9.3 | 9.0-9.8 | 1.66 | Large |
| Mastiff | 9.0 | 8.9-9.2 | 2.32 | |
| Cane Corso | 8.1 | 6.5-9.5 | 2.44 | Large |
| Presa Canario | 7.7 | 7.0-9.5 | 3.04 | Large |
| Caucasian Shepherd Dog | 5.4 | 4.6-None | 2.44 | Large |
Life expectancy by breed: Teng 2022 vs. McMillan 2024
Teng et al. 2022 life expectancy at birth (19 breeds + crossbred, UK VetCompass) beside McMillan et al. 2024 median survival for the 13 breeds both studies name. Different statistics from related UK primary-care cohorts -- shown side by side, not averaged or reconciled.
Data table (19 breeds)
| Breed | Teng 2022 (yrs) | McMillan 2024 (yrs) |
|---|---|---|
| Jack Russell Terrier | 12.72 | 13.3 |
| Yorkshire Terrier | 12.54 | 13.3 |
| Border Collie | 12.1 | 13.1 |
| Springer Spaniel | 11.92 | |
| Crossbred | 11.82 | |
| Labrador Retriever | 11.77 | 13.1 |
| Staffordshire Bull Terrier | 11.33 | 12.0 |
| Cocker Spaniel | 11.31 | |
| Shih-tzu | 11.05 | 12.8 |
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 10.45 | 11.8 |
| German Shepherd Dog | 10.16 | 11.3 |
| Boxer | 10.04 | 11.3 |
| Beagle | 9.85 | 12.5 |
| Husky | 9.53 | |
| Chihuahua | 7.91 | 11.8 |
| American Bulldog | 7.79 | |
| Pug | 7.65 | 11.6 |
| English Bulldog | 7.39 | |
| French Bulldog | 4.53 | 9.8 |
Causes of death: euthanasia vs. unassisted
Cause of death by whether it was euthanasia (n=26,676) or an unassisted/natural death (n=2,487), UK dogs, Pegram et al. 2021 (Table 1). The two populations are not the same size -- percentages are of each population, not comparable bar heights.
Data table (21 causes)
| Cause | Euthanasia % | Unassisted % |
|---|---|---|
| Other | 14.3 | 10.6 |
| Neoplasia | 11.6 | 6.8 |
| Collapsed | 11.1 | 7.8 |
| Mass | 8.0 | 1.8 |
| Behaviour disorder | 7.3 | 0.5 |
| Brain disorder | 7.1 | 7.5 |
| Musculoskeletal disorder | 5.9 | 1.6 |
| Poor quality of life | 5.7 | 0.2 |
| Heart disease | 4.6 | 19.7 |
| Enteropathy | 3.7 | 5.2 |
| Lower respiratory tract disorder | 3.7 | 7.6 |
| Spinal cord disorder | 3.5 | 0.3 |
| Kidney disease | 3.4 | 1.5 |
| Inappetence | 2.3 | 0.5 |
| Endocrine system disorder | 1.9 | 2.4 |
| Lethargy | 1.6 | 0.9 |
| Haematopoietic disorder | 1.5 | 2.0 |
| Upper respiratory tract disorder | 1.3 | 2.7 |
| Traumatic injury | 1.1 | 17.0 |
| Foreign body | 0.3 | 1.3 |
| Complication associated with clinical care | 0.2 | 2.1 |
NYC bite rate per 1,000 licensed dogs
Bites per 1,000 licensed dogs, 34 NYC breeds with a mapped spelling on both sides (all years combined). Dashed line: the combined rate across all mapped breeds (24.096/1,000). Preliminary -- self-reported breed labels, one city, active-licence denominator (licence compliance is well below universal, so every absolute rate overstates bites per dog actually owned). Compare breeds by relative_to_all_mapped, shown in the hover, not by the absolute rate.
Data table (34 breeds)
| Breed | Bites/1,000 licensed | Relative to combined |
|---|---|---|
| Pit Bull type (Am. Pit Bull Terrier / mixes, as self-reported) | 129.965 | 5.39x |
| Rottweiler | 107.191 | 4.45x |
| Bulldog (English, as self-reported) | 76.169 | 3.16x |
| Akita | 67.949 | 2.82x |
| German Shepherd Dog | 51.838 | 2.15x |
| Cane Corso | 44.959 | 1.87x |
| Siberian Husky | 39.35 | 1.63x |
| Doberman Pinscher | 37.805 | 1.57x |
| Great Dane | 36.889 | 1.53x |
| American Bully | 31.297 | 1.3x |
| American Staffordshire Terrier | 17.342 | 0.72x |
| Cocker Spaniel | 17.177 | 0.71x |
| Chihuahua | 16.433 | 0.68x |
| Poodle (standard, as self-reported) | 16.024 | 0.66x |
| Boxer | 15.318 | 0.64x |
| Jack Russell Terrier | 14.749 | 0.61x |
| Shih Tzu | 14.011 | 0.58x |
| Maltese | 11.437 | 0.47x |
| Shiba Inu | 11.242 | 0.47x |
| Beagle | 10.087 | 0.42x |
| French Bulldog | 10.036 | 0.42x |
| Golden Retriever | 9.527 | 0.4x |
| Labrador Retriever | 9.476 | 0.39x |
| Bichon Frise | 8.971 | 0.37x |
| Australian Shepherd | 8.945 | 0.37x |
| Yorkshire Terrier | 8.746 | 0.36x |
| Pomeranian | 7.684 | 0.32x |
| Boston Terrier | 7.54 | 0.31x |
| Miniature American Shepherd (Miniature Australian Shepherd) | 4.889 | 0.2x |
| Pug | 4.133 | 0.17x |
| Havanese | 3.442 | 0.14x |
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 1.157 | 0.05x |
| Dachshund | 0.0 | 0.0x |
| Border Collie | 0.0 | 0.0x |
NYC bite rate by year, top 8 breeds
Bites per 1,000 licensed dogs by year, the 8 NYC breeds with the highest all-years combined rate. Same caveats as the all-years chart: self-reported breed labels, active-licence denominator, preliminary.
Series (8 breeds)
| Breed | Years |
|---|---|
| Pit Bull type (Am. Pit Bull Terrier / mixes, as self-reported) | 7 |
| Rottweiler | 7 |
| Bulldog (English, as self-reported) | 7 |
| Akita | 7 |
| German Shepherd Dog | 7 |
| Cane Corso | 7 |
| Siberian Husky | 7 |
| Doberman Pinscher | 7 |
Hip and elbow dysplasia by breed (OFA)
Hip and elbow dysplasia, percent evaluated abnormal, 169 breeds with at least one OFA evaluation count shown. OFA is a voluntary-submission registry -- breeders and owners choose whether to submit, so this is not a population prevalence estimate, and a small n is noisy; read n before comparing breeds.
Data table (169 breeds)
| Breed | Hip dysplastic % | Hip n | Elbow abnormal % | Elbow n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olde English Bulldogge | 73.3 | 318 | 35.0 | 214 |
| Pug | 72.7 | 1282 | 35.9 | 393 |
| Bulldog | 70.9 | 1661 | 40.1 | 1059 |
| Dogue De Bordeaux | 57.2 | 1014 | 26.1 | 827 |
| Tosa | 50.5 | 101 | None | None |
| St. Bernard | 49.9 | 2969 | 15.3 | 860 |
| Neapolitan Mastiff | 49.5 | 277 | 34.2 | 120 |
| Otterhound | 47.1 | 647 | 32.8 | 262 |
| American Bully | 44.0 | 922 | 38.8 | 859 |
| Basset Hound | 39.5 | 286 | None | None |
| Boerboel | 39.2 | 715 | 34.0 | 699 |
| Clumber Spaniel | 38.8 | 1533 | 10.5 | 887 |
| Sussex Spaniel | 38.1 | 396 | 25.4 | 205 |
| Fila Brasileiro | 37.9 | 742 | 32.5 | 228 |
| Black Russian Terrier | 37.7 | 1336 | 28.9 | 1220 |
| Cane Corso | 37.2 | 3873 | 21.0 | 3109 |
| Dogo Argentino | 36.9 | 452 | 8.0 | 226 |
| Norfolk Terrier | 35.3 | 419 | None | None |
| American Bulldog | 34.7 | 2504 | 19.8 | 783 |
| Pyrenean Mastiff | 34.6 | 104 | None | None |
| French Bulldog | 33.1 | 5158 | 7.5 | 2125 |
| Bloodhound | 26.4 | 3752 | 14.9 | 1932 |
| American Staffordshire Terrier | 25.7 | 4300 | 18.2 | 1611 |
| Bullmastiff | 25.7 | 7576 | 17.2 | 4132 |
| Boykin Spaniel | 25.4 | 6902 | 2.7 | 2155 |
| Glen Of Imaal Terrier | 25.2 | 436 | 11.4 | 306 |
| Cardigan Welsh Corgi | 24.3 | 4138 | 5.4 | 1374 |
| Redbone Coonhound | 24.2 | 124 | None | None |
| Shikoku Ken | 23.9 | 176 | 2.7 | 147 |
| American Pit Bull Terrier | 22.3 | 1186 | 17.1 | 584 |
| Pembroke Welsh Corgi | 21.8 | 17452 | 5.5 | 2508 |
| Affenpinscher | 21.7 | 543 | 5.3 | 189 |
| Shih Tzu | 21.7 | 1256 | 10.8 | 167 |
| Chow Chow | 21.6 | 6463 | 51.5 | 1782 |
| Lagotto Romagnolo | 21.5 | 1086 | 2.9 | 545 |
| Spanish Water Dog | 21.5 | 438 | 0.6 | 160 |
| Rottweiler | 21.1 | 108963 | 38.8 | 27371 |
| English Shepherd | 20.6 | 963 | 3.6 | 225 |
| Norwegian Elkhound | 19.8 | 4545 | 0.3 | 350 |
| Llewellin Setter | 19.4 | 216 | None | None |
| Golden Retriever | 19.3 | 193017 | 11.8 | 84161 |
| Chesapeake Bay Retriever | 19.1 | 16745 | 7.0 | 5607 |
| Old English Sheepdog | 18.9 | 12639 | 4.7 | 1204 |
| Gordon Setter | 18.7 | 7200 | 14.2 | 1596 |
| Beagle | 18.6 | 1782 | 0.0 | 411 |
| Icelandic Sheepdog | 18.5 | 1304 | 0.0 | 400 |
| Shiloh Shepherd | 18.3 | 1807 | 6.6 | 1294 |
| Kuvasz | 17.6 | 2127 | 5.5 | 711 |
| Giant Schnauzer | 17.5 | 5906 | 9.9 | 1705 |
| Bluetick Coonhound | 17.1 | 146 | None | None |
| Tibetan Mastiff | 16.7 | 1403 | 16.3 | 889 |
| Australian Cattle Dog | 16.6 | 6139 | 11.9 | 3441 |
| Field Spaniel | 16.4 | 1612 | 0.8 | 650 |
| Greater Swiss Mountain Dog | 16.4 | 4745 | 12.5 | 4189 |
| Bernese Mountain Dog | 16.3 | 31560 | 26.6 | 25969 |
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 16.3 | 13110 | 1.6 | 1908 |
| Entlebucher Mountain Dog | 16.3 | 572 | 1.4 | 207 |
| Staffordshire Bull Terrier | 16.1 | 1485 | 21.9 | 934 |
| Black And Tan Coonhound | 16.0 | 985 | 4.6 | 307 |
| Polish Lowland Sheepdog | 15.7 | 732 | 1.1 | 179 |
| Bouvier Des Flandres | 15.6 | 9885 | 9.9 | 4626 |
| English Setter | 15.3 | 13432 | 14.8 | 4951 |
| Chinook | 15.1 | 1198 | 0.0 | 193 |
| Curly-Coated Retriever | 15.1 | 1513 | 0.4 | 467 |
| Spinone Italiano | 15.1 | 1965 | 5.9 | 1228 |
| Harrier | 14.7 | 416 | None | None |
| Briard | 14.0 | 3148 | 0.6 | 978 |
| Brittany | 13.8 | 23797 | 2.2 | 3320 |
| Leonberger | 13.8 | 3334 | 4.5 | 2988 |
| Norwich Terrier | 13.8 | 1885 | 2.2 | 267 |
| Pyrenean Shepherd | 13.8 | 347 | 0.0 | 130 |
| Smooth Fox Terrier | 13.7 | 722 | 0.7 | 145 |
| Akita | 13.3 | 18632 | 1.6 | 3702 |
| Komondor | 13.1 | 1103 | None | None |
| Welsh Terrier | 13.0 | 184 | None | None |
| Yakutian Laika | 13.0 | 131 | None | None |
| West Highland White Terrier | 12.8 | 979 | 3.7 | 163 |
| Boxer | 12.7 | 7717 | 1.1 | 1787 |
| Tibetan Spaniel | 12.6 | 430 | 9.2 | 120 |
| Boston Terrier | 12.5 | 598 | 4.7 | 107 |
| Great Dane | 12.5 | 19279 | 5.0 | 5904 |
| Maltese | 12.5 | 264 | None | None |
| English Springer Spaniel | 12.4 | 20599 | 16.0 | 5927 |
| White Swiss Shepherd | 12.4 | 322 | 18.7 | 321 |
| Portuguese Water Dog | 12.0 | 12073 | 2.0 | 5366 |
| Alaskan Malamute | 11.7 | 16165 | 4.1 | 2070 |
| Irish Setter | 11.7 | 13513 | 2.8 | 1390 |
| Poodle | 11.6 | 42327 | 3.4 | 11560 |
| Airedale Terrier | 11.5 | 7348 | 8.7 | 951 |
| Barbet | 11.5 | 436 | 5.6 | 408 |
| Irish Water Spaniel | 11.5 | 1769 | 13.5 | 918 |
| Labrador Retriever | 11.3 | 324905 | 9.9 | 148772 |
| Samoyed | 11.1 | 20367 | 2.7 | 3092 |
| Bracco Italiano | 11.0 | 362 | 12.6 | 340 |
| Welsh Springer Spaniel | 10.7 | 3043 | 1.4 | 1593 |
| Puli | 10.4 | 2004 | 4.0 | 301 |
| Wirehaired Vizsla | 10.3 | 407 | 3.1 | 257 |
| Beauceron | 10.1 | 1318 | 13.6 | 1007 |
| Coton De Tulear | 10.1 | 1402 | 2.9 | 1002 |
| Pudelpointer | 10.1 | 1040 | 5.2 | 231 |
| American Eskimo Dog | 9.9 | 1471 | 1.4 | 283 |
| Border Collie | 9.9 | 21167 | 1.8 | 9108 |
| Swedish Vallhund | 9.9 | 614 | 1.9 | 264 |
| Anatolian Shepherd | 9.8 | 3077 | 6.2 | 1553 |
| Finnish Lapphund | 9.8 | 676 | 3.4 | 537 |
| French Spaniel | 9.8 | 315 | 4.0 | 101 |
| Australian Kelpie | 9.7 | 196 | None | None |
| Pumi | 9.5 | 379 | 5.9 | 222 |
| Havanese | 9.2 | 7648 | 6.5 | 4239 |
| Schipperke | 9.2 | 812 | 6.6 | 183 |
| German Wirehaired Pointer | 8.9 | 5907 | 2.9 | 2047 |
| Dutch Shepherd | 8.6 | 1143 | 6.9 | 1008 |
| Cairn Terrier | 8.5 | 223 | None | None |
| Weimaraner | 8.5 | 14680 | 2.1 | 3168 |
| Wirehaired Pointing Griffon | 8.5 | 3919 | 5.2 | 1774 |
| Standard Schnauzer | 8.4 | 5560 | 6.9 | 786 |
| Danish Swedish Farmdog | 8.3 | 109 | None | None |
| American Water Spaniel | 7.8 | 985 | 2.2 | 137 |
| Lhasa Apso | 7.7 | 939 | None | None |
| Bull Terrier | 7.5 | 133 | None | None |
| Mudi | 7.4 | 444 | 1.4 | 444 |
| Norwegian Buhund | 7.4 | 417 | None | None |
| Parson Russell Terrier | 7.2 | 139 | None | None |
| Yorkshire Terrier | 7.2 | 503 | None | None |
| Cocker Spaniel | 6.9 | 17416 | 1.3 | 1194 |
| Shiba Inu | 6.7 | 5396 | 9.0 | 921 |
| Vizsla | 6.7 | 20251 | 2.5 | 5536 |
| Keeshond | 6.4 | 6236 | 10.1 | 2375 |
| Australian Shepherd | 6.3 | 50338 | 4.8 | 21764 |
| Bearded Collie | 6.1 | 5344 | 3.0 | 1153 |
| Finnish Spitz | 6.1 | 361 | 0.8 | 125 |
| English Cocker Spaniel | 6.0 | 10133 | 0.3 | 1540 |
| Eurasier | 5.9 | 341 | 4.2 | 236 |
| Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever | 5.9 | 4153 | 2.3 | 2602 |
| Afghan Hound | 5.8 | 7961 | 9.0 | 487 |
| Chihuahua | 5.7 | 175 | None | None |
| Tibetan Terrier | 5.6 | 4916 | 4.6 | 326 |
| Kerry Blue Terrier | 5.3 | 1931 | 9.3 | 322 |
| Belgian Malinois | 5.0 | 6847 | 8.8 | 5537 |
| Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier | 5.0 | 7803 | 8.2 | 1005 |
| Dachshund | 4.8 | 505 | 1.9 | 160 |
| Alaskan Klee Kai | 4.7 | 107 | None | None |
| Shetland Sheepdog | 4.7 | 28007 | 2.7 | 2677 |
| Hovawart | 4.4 | 317 | 0.7 | 135 |
| Irish Wolfhound | 4.3 | 3133 | 14.4 | 1950 |
| Rhodesian Ridgeback | 4.3 | 15991 | 6.6 | 10207 |
| Dalmatian | 4.2 | 5748 | 1.1 | 1520 |
| Border Terrier | 4.0 | 4374 | 4.1 | 922 |
| Flat-Coated Retriever | 3.9 | 7710 | 0.8 | 4234 |
| Australian Terrier | 3.8 | 208 | None | None |
| German Shorthaired Pointer | 3.7 | 23627 | 1.4 | 7793 |
| Rat Terrier | 3.4 | 999 | 2.5 | 642 |
| Basenji | 3.2 | 3918 | 2.8 | 951 |
| Collie | 3.2 | 4592 | 2.6 | 1677 |
| Pharaoh Hound | 2.9 | 719 | 4.2 | 239 |
| Miniature Schnauzer | 2.8 | 324 | None | None |
| German Pinscher | 2.7 | 695 | 1.9 | 160 |
| Siberian Husky | 2.3 | 22673 | 0.2 | 1711 |
| Whippet | 2.3 | 303 | None | None |
| Greyhound | 2.2 | 408 | None | None |
| Borzoi | 2.1 | 926 | 1.9 | 105 |
| Miniature Pinscher | 2.0 | 197 | None | None |
| Schapendoes | 1.9 | 105 | None | None |
| Ibizan Hound | 1.7 | 653 | None | None |
| Saluki | 1.7 | 299 | None | None |
| Manchester Terrier | 1.6 | 186 | None | None |
| Papillon | 1.6 | 124 | None | None |
| American Hairless Terrier | 0.6 | 335 | 0.0 | 229 |
| Italian Greyhound | 0.6 | 503 | None | None |
Fear and noise sensitivity by breed
Percent of dogs scored "high" fear and "high" noise sensitivity, 75 breeds with n>=50, Finnish pet-dog behaviour survey (Salonen et al. 2020, n=13,715 dogs total). Owner-reported questionnaire, not a clinical assessment.
Data table (75 breeds)
| Breed | Fear high % | Noise sensitivity high % | n |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chihuahua | 58.9 | 42.1 | 131 |
| Havanese | 58.8 | 53.7 | 87 |
| Miniature Spitz | 52.9 | 65.2 | 71 |
| Chinese Crested Dog | 50.7 | 40.0 | 152 |
| Miniature Pinscher | 46.2 | 38.3 | 158 |
| Spanish Water Dog | 43.5 | 35.4 | 251 |
| Welsh Springer Spaniel | 43.1 | 63.0 | 66 |
| Swedish Vallhund | 40.0 | 59.6 | 77 |
| Shetland Sheepdog | 39.4 | 48.6 | 411 |
| Kooikerhondje | 39.3 | 53.3 | 57 |
| Papillon | 38.6 | 43.8 | 57 |
| Coton De Tulear | 38.6 | 53.0 | 129 |
| Smooth Dachshund | 38.2 | 43.2 | 55 |
| Miniature Poodle | 37.3 | 34.2 | 119 |
| Medium Size Spitz | 35.8 | 57.3 | 139 |
| Belgian Shepherd Tervueren | 35.8 | 39.8 | 96 |
| Belgian Shepherd Groenendael | 35.6 | 42.6 | 59 |
| Tibetan Spaniel | 34.7 | 44.2 | 75 |
| Miniature Schnauzer | 34.5 | 40.0 | 255 |
| Medium Poodle | 33.1 | 32.4 | 167 |
| Dalmatian | 32.8 | 33.0 | 123 |
| White Swiss Shepherd | 32.0 | 35.0 | 148 |
| West Highland White Terrier | 31.2 | 35.9 | 95 |
| Great Dane | 31.0 | 31.2 | 130 |
| Tibetan Terrier | 30.8 | 42.0 | 104 |
| Lagotto Romagnolo | 30.7 | 54.9 | 248 |
| Jack Russell Terrier | 30.3 | 57.7 | 177 |
| Standard Poodle | 29.9 | 40.6 | 97 |
| Bernese Mountain Dog | 28.5 | 30.7 | 209 |
| Parson Russell Terrier | 27.9 | 55.2 | 111 |
| German Shepherd | 27.5 | 23.2 | 461 |
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 27.3 | 43.1 | 101 |
| Beagle | 27.1 | 38.6 | 60 |
| Golden Retriever | 26.9 | 57.9 | 176 |
| Irish Wolfhound | 26.9 | 38.5 | 53 |
| Belgian Shepherd Malinois | 26.1 | 32.3 | 69 |
| Welsh Corgi Cardigan | 25.9 | 48.3 | 85 |
| Cocker Spaniel | 25.6 | 32.2 | 177 |
| Rough Collie | 25.5 | 43.6 | 249 |
| Australian Terrier | 25.4 | 41.8 | 72 |
| Border Collie | 25.2 | 41.1 | 268 |
| Australian Kelpie | 25.0 | 38.3 | 69 |
| Lapponian Herder | 24.9 | 36.0 | 294 |
| Wirehaired Dachshund | 24.8 | 47.7 | 104 |
| Cairn Terrier | 24.8 | 70.4 | 105 |
| Schipperke | 23.6 | 32.3 | 74 |
| Boxer | 23.2 | 26.1 | 151 |
| Smooth Collie | 22.9 | 39.0 | 203 |
| Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever | 22.6 | 54.2 | 149 |
| Whippet | 21.6 | 33.3 | 169 |
| French Bulldog | 21.6 | 12.3 | 100 |
| Hovawart | 21.6 | 14.9 | 117 |
| Staffordshire Bull Terrier | 21.4 | 44.8 | 200 |
| Border Terrier | 21.3 | 27.3 | 123 |
| Dobermann | 21.2 | 28.3 | 69 |
| Schnauzer | 21.1 | 32.0 | 72 |
| Finnish Lapphund | 21.1 | 54.8 | 538 |
| Australian Shepherd | 20.5 | 38.1 | 176 |
| Siberian Husky | 20.0 | 22.5 | 111 |
| Bearded Collie | 19.6 | 68.2 | 52 |
| Welsh Corgi Pembroke | 19.4 | 62.4 | 112 |
| Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier | 18.4 | 54.9 | 351 |
| Brittany | 18.3 | 47.3 | 60 |
| Labrador Retriever | 17.8 | 41.8 | 465 |
| Portuguese Water Dog | 17.5 | 36.2 | 63 |
| Newfoundland | 16.1 | 34.7 | 57 |
| Rottweiler | 15.7 | 24.4 | 103 |
| American Akita | 14.8 | 36.7 | 63 |
| Boston Terrier | 14.3 | 42.9 | 77 |
| Flat Coated Retriever | 14.1 | 45.3 | 71 |
| Samoyed | 14.0 | 57.1 | 109 |
| American Staffordshire Terrier | 13.8 | 22.5 | 141 |
| English Springer Spaniel | 13.5 | 42.2 | 75 |
| Giant Schnauzer | 12.5 | 28.6 | 81 |
| Bullmastiff | 11.8 | 34.2 | 51 |
Size class vs. median survival
McMillan et al. 2024 size class vs. median survival, 135 breeds with both. Spearman rho (size rank vs. survival) = -0.5444 (n=135): negative means smaller breeds live longer.
Size-class means (3 classes)
| Size class | n breeds | Mean median survival (yrs) |
|---|---|---|
| Small | 55 | 13.21 |
| Medium | 38 | 12.79 |
| Large | 42 | 11.22 |
AKC popularity rank by year (top 5, 2013-2025)
AKC top-5 registration rank by year, 2013-2025. Top-5 only -- AKC's site does not currently expose a full per-year ranked list beyond the top 5 (checked 2026-09-20; the full-list URLs referenced in AKC's own page content 404). Current #1: French Bulldog.
Claimed hypoallergenic breeds vs. measured allergen
18 breeds the AKC's own article names as recommended for allergy sufferers (a claim), next to Nicholas et al. 2011's measurement: 94.2% of 173 one-dog homes had detectable Can f 1 allergen regardless, with no statistically significant difference by "hypoallergenic" classification across 4 classification schemes tested (p > 0.05 for every comparison).
AKC-claimed hypoallergenic (18): Afghan Hound, American Hairless Terrier, Bedlington Terrier, Bichon Frise, Chinese Crested, Coton de Tulear, Giant Schnauzer, Irish Water Spaniel, Kerry Blue Terrier, Lagotto Romagnolo, Maltese, Miniature Schnauzer, Peruvian Inca Orchid (Hairless), Poodle, Portuguese Water Dog, Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier, Spanish Water Dog, Xoloitzcuintli
Nicholas et al. 2011: 94.2% of 173 one-dog homes had detectable Can f 1 allergen; no significant difference by hypoallergenic classification across 4 schemes tested (p > 0.05).
Popularity vs. health (derived)
AKC top-5 rank (most recent year held, 8 breeds) vs. OFA hip dysplasia % (rho=-0.2029, n=8) and McMillan 2024 median survival (rho=0.2824, n=8). Small n by construction -- AKC's own site exposes only a top-5 per year (see docs/sources.md); read this as a sketch, not a population estimate.
Data table (8 breeds)
| Breed | AKC rank | Hip dysplastic % | Median survival (yrs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| French Bulldog | 1 | 33.1 | 9.8 |
| Labrador Retriever | 2 | 11.3 | 13.1 |
| Golden Retriever | 3 | 19.3 | 13.2 |
| German Shepherd Dog | 4 | 20.4 | 11.3 |
| Beagle | 5 | 18.6 | 12.5 |
| Bulldog | 5 | 70.9 | 9.8 |
| Poodle | 5 | 11.6 | 14.0 |
| Dachshund | 5 | 4.8 | 13.2 |
Purebred vs. mixed-breed lifespan (Urfer 2020)
Median survival time (Kaplan-Meier), US primary-care dogs, 3 independent clinics, n=20,970 (Urfer et al. 2020). No statistically significant difference between purebred and mixed-breed dogs (log-rank p=0.945) -- the finding here is the absence of a gap, not a gap.